Apparatus for Implanting an Aortic Valve Prosthesis

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for percutaneously implanting an aortic valve prosthesis includes a pump for pumping oxygenated blood from the left atrium into the descending aorta, during a period of time in which an aortic valve prosthesis is being implanted within a diseased aortic valve. First and second catheters are associated with the pump, and a third catheter has an end which is adapted for insertion into the ascending aorta, and the third catheter has an aortic valve prosthesis associated with another end of the third catheter.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit and the priority of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/675,977 filed Apr. 29, 2005, and entitled“Method and Apparatus for Implanting an Aortic Valve Prosthesis.” Thisapplication is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/413,376, filed Apr. 28, 2006, entitled Method and Apparatus forImplanting an Aortic Valve Prosthesis, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,833,268,issued Nov. 16, 2010.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for percutaneouslyimplanting an aortic valve prosthesis.

2. Description of the Related Art

Typically, in the case of valvular heart diseases, valvular defects arerepaired by a surgical valve implantation which requires thoracotomy andextracorporeal circulation, which may include placing the patient on aheart-lung machine. Such conventional surgical techniques to repair orreplace valves, such as aortic valves, present problems for patients whocannot be operated on because of an associated disease or very old age,or present problems for patients who could be operated on, but only at avery high risk. For example, in the case of aortic stenosis, which is adisease of the aortic valve in the left ventricle of the heart, the onlycommonly available treatment is the replacement of the stenosed aorticvalve by a prosthetic valve via surgery, which in the case of elderlypatients presents the previously described disadvantages. In thisregard, the use of the term diseased valve, or diseased aortic valve, ismeant to include aortic valves in need of replacement and/or repair dueto stenosis, disease, old age, or otherwise damaged valves, requiringreplacement.

Recently, it has been proposed to replace, or implant, an aortic valveprostheses in the cardiac catheterization lab of a hospital, using aballoon catheter, or balloon dilatation catheter, to deliver and implantan aortic valve prosthesis within a diseased aortic valve. Thus, a moreinvasive chest surgery may be avoided. The aortic valve prosthesis iscatheter delivered through the aorta. An example of such a technique andapparatus is described in United States Patent Application PublicationNo. U.S. 2003/0109924, published Jun. 12, 2003.

A major disadvantage associated with the use of such a technique is thatwhen the new aortic valve prosthesis is being deployed within thediseased aortic valve, the patient will have a period of loss of allblood flow during the period of time that the aortic valve prosthesis isbeing implanted. In the case of the foregoing described technique andaortic valve prosthesis, a balloon expandable stent is included as apart of the aortic valve prosthesis. Upon the expansion of the stent byan expandable balloon associated with the catheter, the expanded balloonoccludes the orifice of the aorta for a period of time while the newaortic valve prosthesis is being deployed, or implanted. The period oftime may vary depending upon how easy or how difficult it is to implantthe new aortic valve prosthesis. Because of this serious disadvantage,the time taken to implant such an aortic valve prosthesis must be keptto a minimum, which in turn may affect the success of the implantationof the aortic valve prosthesis securely within the diseased aorticvalve, or may affect the positioning of the aortic valve prosthesis inan optimal position within the diseased aortic valve.

Accordingly, prior to the development of the present invention, therehas been no method and apparatus for implanting an aortic valveprosthesis which: may be readily performed percutaneously without chestsurgery and without complete loss of blood flow from the heart to thepatient's body; and can be transluminally implanted in a cardiaccatheterization lab setting with minimal blood loss and relatively lowrisk of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the art has sought a methodand apparatus for implanting an aortic valve prosthesis which may bereadily performed percutaneously without chest surgery, and withoutcomplete loss of blood flow from the heart to the patient's body; may betransluminally implanted; and may be implanted in a cardiaccatheterization lab setting by a cardiologist with minimal blood lossand relatively low risk of morbidity and mortality.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, the foregoing advantages arebelieved to have been achieved through the present method and apparatusfor implanting an aortic valve prosthesis.

One form of the method for percutaneously implanting an aortic valveprosthesis in a heart having a septum, left and right atriums, left andright ventricles, a diseased aortic valve, and descending and ascendingaortas associated with the heart, may include the steps of:percutaneously delivering a portion of a first catheter into the leftatrium of the heart, the first catheter being associated with a pump;percutaneously delivering a second catheter into a portion of thedescending aorta, the second catheter being associated with the pump;percutaneously delivering a third catheter into the ascending aorta, thethird catheter having an aortic valve prosthesis associated with thethird catheter; disposing the aortic valve prosthesis within thediseased aortic valve and implanting the aortic valve prosthesis withinthe diseased aortic valve; and pumping oxygenated blood from the leftatrium into the descending aorta, during a period of time while theaortic valve prosthesis is being implanted within the diseased aorticvalve.

Another feature of this aspect of the method may include the steps of:removing the first catheter from the left atrium; removing the secondcatheter from the descending aorta; and removing the third catheter fromthe ascending aorta. Another feature is that the period of time whilethe oxygenated blood is being pumped may begin shortly before the aorticvalve prosthesis is being implanted and may end after the aortic valveprosthesis has been implanted. An additional feature of this aspect ofthe invention may include the steps of pumping the oxygenated bloodthrough the first catheter into the pump, and then pumping theoxygenated blood through the second catheter. An external pump may beutilized as the pump. An aortic valve prosthesis may be utilized whichincludes a stent, and the stent may be mounted on the third catheter.Another feature of this aspect of the present invention is that aself-expanding stent may be utilized as the stent, or aballoon-expandable stent may be utilized as the stent. A dilatationcatheter may be utilized as the third catheter which is used to expandthe stent. A further feature of the present invention may include thesteps of delivering the first catheter through a femoral artery into theright atrium; and then delivering a portion of the catheter through theseptum of the heart into the right atrium.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, an apparatusfor percutaneously repairing a diseased aortic valve in a heart having aseptum, left and right atriums, left and right ventricles, anddescending and ascending aortas associated with the heart, may includethe following components: a pump; a first catheter, having first andsecond ends, the first end adapted for insertion into the left atrium ofthe heart, the second end of the first catheter being associated withthe pump; a second catheter having first and second ends, the first endadapted to be inserted into a portion of the descending aorta, thesecond end of the second catheter being associated with the pump; and athird catheter having first and second ends, the first end adapted forinsertion into the ascending aorta, the third catheter having an aorticvalve prosthesis associated with the second end of the third catheter,whereby upon disposing the aortic valve prosthesis within the diseasedaortic valve and implanting the aortic valve prosthesis within thediseased aortic valve, oxygenated blood from the left atrium may bepumped into the descending aorta, during a period of time while theaortic valve prosthesis is being implanted within the diseased aorticvalve.

In accordance with this aspect of the present invention, a feature ofthe apparatus may be that the pump is an external pump. The aortic valveprosthesis may include a stent, and the stent may be mounted on thefirst end of the third catheter. The stent may be a self-expandingstent, or the stent may be a balloon-expandable stent. If aballoon-expandable stent is utilized, the third catheter may be adilatation catheter. Another aspect of the apparatus is that the pumpmay be an external centrifugal pump. Another feature of the apparatus isthat the first end of the first catheter may be adapted to pierce theseptum between the right and left atriums to enter the left atrium.

The method and apparatus for implanting an aortic valve of the presentinvention, when compared to previously proposed methods and apparatus,is believed to have the advantages of: not requiring surgery, orincisions, upon the heart itself; may be readily performedpercutaneously without chest surgery and without complete loss of bloodflow from the heart to the patient's body; and may be transluminallyimplanted in a cardiac catheterization lab setting with minimal bloodloss and relatively low risk of morbidity and mortality.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

In the drawing:

FIG. 1 is a front view of a person's body provided with parts of theapparatus of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged, partial cross-sectional view of a heart, toillustrate its functions and anatomy;

FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the heart shown in FIG. 1with a part of the present invention disposed in the heart;

FIGS. 4-6 are partial cross-sectional views of the left ventricle of theheart of FIGS. 1 and 2, illustrating implantation of an aortic valveprosthesis in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 7 is partial cross-sectional view of a patient's body illustratingimplantation of an aortic valve prosthesis in accordance with thepresent invention.

While the invention will be described in connection with the preferredembodiments shown herein, it will be understood that it is not intendedto limit the invention to those embodiments. On the contrary, it isintended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, asmay be included within the spirit and the scope of the invention asdefined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Before describing the method and apparatus of the present invention, abrief description of the functioning of heart 73 (FIG. 2) and associatedarteries is provided. In general, the heart 73 consists of two pumpslying side by side. Each pump has an upper chamber, or atrium, and alower chamber, or ventricle, as will hereinafter be described. Heart 73functions to provide a person's body 79 (FIG. 1) with a continuoussupply of blood as illustrated by arrows 81. In general, the right sideof heart 73 receives “used” blood from the veins (not shown) of aperson's body, and this blood is pumped to the lungs (not shown) of theperson's body to be oxygenated. The oxygen-rich blood from the lungs isthen returned to the left side of the heart, which pumps it through thevarious arteries. Heart 73 requires its own supply of blood to keep itbeating. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the chambers, or ventricles, ofthe heart through the coronary arteries, as will be hereinafterdescribed. Once the blood has been used, it is returned to the rightside of heart 73 through a network of veins.

The functioning of these elements of heart 73 may be described inconnection with FIG. 2. Deoxygenated blood flows from veins, such asvein 82 into the right atrium, or right upper chamber, 85 of heart 73,as illustrated by arrows 81′. Deoxygenated blood 81′ then flows throughthe one-way tricuspid valve, or right atrioventricular valve, 86′ intothe right lower chamber, or right ventricle, 86 of heart 73. Contractionof the muscle surrounding right ventricle 86 pumps the blood through thesemilunar valve, or pulmonary valve 87, and along the pulmonary arteries88 through the lungs (not shown), where the deoxygenated blood 81′receives oxygen. The ascending pulmonary artery is designated 89, fromwhich pulmonary arteries 88 branch. Oxygenated blood, as represented byarrows 81″ flows from the lungs into the left upper chamber, or leftatrium, 90 and then passes downwardly through mitral valve, or leftatrioventricular valve, 91 into the left lower chamber, or leftventricle, 72. Muscle surrounding the left ventricle 72 contracts andpumps the blood 81″ through the semilunar valve, or aortic valve, 92(which may be diseased) into the aorta, or ascending aorta, 76, anddescending aorta 98. The oxygenated blood 81″ is then circulated throughthe body's arteries and ultimately returned as deoxygenated blood 81′ tothe right side of heart 73 as previously described. As previouslydescribed, oxygen-rich blood 81″ is pumped to the left and right sidesof heart 73 through the left coronary artery 95 and right coronaryartery 96. As previously described, once the oxygen-rich blood 81″ hasbeen used, the blood is returned to the right side of the heart througha network of veins 97.

With reference to FIG. 1, heart 73 is disposed within the patient's, orperson's, body 79 and parts, or components, of the apparatus 100 forrepairing a diseased aortic valve, such as valve 92 (FIG. 2) asillustrated. FIG. 1 illustrates the person's: descending aorta 98; iliacarteries 99 which join the aorta 98 at the aortic bifurcation 98; andfemoral artery, or vein, 70 which leads into the inferior vena cava 80.

With reference to FIG. 3, heart 73 has been enlarged and a septum, ordividing wall, 105 between the right atrium 85 and the left atrium 90 isshown. As will be hereinafter described in greater detail, a portion ofapparatus 100, or a first catheter, or cannula, 110, having a first end111 is inserted, or delivered, into the left atrium 90. Catheter 110 hasentered the left atrium 85 via the inferior vena cava 80, and haspierced septum 105, whereby first end 111 of the first catheter 110 isdisposed within the left atrium 90. A standard, conventional transseptaltechnique may be utilized to pass the first end 111 of the firstcatheter 110 into the left atrium 90.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 3, the second end 112 of the firstcatheter 110 is associated with a pump 115 in a fluid, or blood,transmitting relationship. A second catheter 120 having first and secondends 121, 122, has its first end 121 inserted, or delivered, into aportion of the descending aorta 98, or preferably into one of the iliacarteries 99. Second end 122, of second catheter 120, is also associatedwith pump 115 in a fluid, or blood, transmitting relationship. Theconnections between the second end 112 of catheter 110 and second end122 of catheter 120 provide a fluid transmitting relationship betweenthe catheters 110, 120 and pump 115, as will hereinafter be described ingreater detail. Pump 115 is preferably an external pump, in that it isdisposed externally of the patient's body 79, and in the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 1 may be disposed upon a strap 125, whereby pump 115is mounted on the exterior surface of the patient's thigh.

With reference now to FIGS. 4-6, other parts, or components of apparatus100 are shown in connection with the left ventricle 72 and ascendingaorta 76 of a patient with a diseased aortic valve 92. These componentsof apparatus 100 include a third catheter 125 having first and secondends 126, 127, with an aortic valve prosthesis 140 associated with thefirst end 126 of third catheter 125. As is conventional, a guide wire128 may pass through third catheter 125 and may be utilized in theintroduction and insertion of third catheter 125 into the ascendingaorta 76 and to a location adjacent, or proximate, to the diseasedaortic valve 92. The second end 127 (not shown) of third catheter 125may include conventional connections and fittings to permit the thirdcatheter 125 to function in a manner as will hereinafter be described.Preferably, the third catheter 125 is a dilatation, or balloon, catheter129; however, other types of catheters, or percutaneous deliverydevices, could be utilized to deliver and implant aortic valveprosthesis 140. If a dilatation catheter 129 is utilized as the thirdcatheter 125, it may be inflated and expanded in a conventional manner,as is known in the field of medicine. In FIG. 4, the balloon, ordilatation portion, 130 of third catheter 125 is shown in its uninflatedcondition, wherein third catheter 125 has a first, reduced diameterpermitting its insertion and delivery to the desired site adjacent, orproximate, the diseased aortic valve 92.

With reference to FIG. 5, the balloon 130 of balloon catheter 129 isillustrated in its second expanded, inflated configuration to assist inthe implantation of the aortic valve prosthesis 140, as will behereinafter described in greater detail. In FIG. 6, the balloon 130 ofcatheter 129 has been deflated, to assume a decreased diameter to permitballoon catheter 129 to be removed from the aortic valve prosthesis 140and from the ascending aorta 76, as is known in the field of medicine.

With reference to FIGS. 4-6, aortic valve prosthesis 140 may include aframe, or stent, 141 and an aortic valve 142. In FIG. 4, the stent andvalve 141, 142 are initially in a first reduced diameter configurationupon third catheter 125, to permit the insertion and delivery of theaortic valve prosthesis 140 to the desired site adjacent the diseasedaortic valve 92. In FIGS. 5 and 6, the stent 141 and valve 142 are in asecond enlarged configuration, wherein the aortic valve prosthesis hasbeen implanted and secured within the diseased aortic valve 92. In theembodiment illustrated in FIGS. 4-6, wherein a dilatation, or ballooncatheter 129 is utilized, the aortic valve prosthesis 140 is caused toassume its second expanded configuration from the inflation andexpansion of balloon 130 of the balloon catheter 129. In the embodimentof FIGS. 4-6, stent 141 is preferably a balloon expandable stent as areknown in the art. Alternatively, as is known in the art, stent 141 couldbe a self-expanding stent which may be delivered by third catheter 125.Typically, self-expanding stents are used with catheters which have anouter sheath (not shown) which retains the self-expanding stent in itsfirst reduced diameter configuration, and upon removal of the sheath, orother similar structure, or other stent activation device, theself-expanding stent expands outwardly into engagement with the diseasedaortic valve 92. An example of the catheter 125 and aortic valveprosthesis 140 which may be used in the present apparatus 100 isillustrated and described in the previously referred to United StatesPatent Application Publication No. U.S. 2003/0109924.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 7, the method for percutaneouslyimplanting an aortic valve prosthesis in accordance with the presentinvention will be described. The patient, who preferably is in acatheterization laboratory of a hospital (or alternatively dependentupon the circumstances, in a surgical suite) has the first catheter 110percutaneously inserted into the patient's femoral artery and vein oneither the right or left leg of the patient, insertion in the right legbeing illustrated in FIG. 1 for illustrative purposes only. Firstcatheter 110 is then passed into the inferior vena cava 80 until itenters the right atrium 85, and at least a portion of the first catheter110, generally its first end 111, is passed through, or pierces, theseptum 105 (FIG. 3) until the first end 111 of catheter 110 enters theleft atrium 90. The catheter, or cannula, 100 is passed through septum105 by use of any suitable technique, such as a standard transseptaltechnique. First catheter 110 may be preferably provided with aplurality of openings 113 through which oxygenated blood 81″ from theleft atrium may enter first catheter 110. As previously described, thesecond end 112 of first catheter 110 is associated in a fluidtransmitting relationship with pump 115.

Second catheter, or venous cannula, 120 may then be percutaneouslydelivered into a portion of the descending aorta 98, preferably, intoone of the iliac arteries 99, whereby the first end 121 of the secondcatheter 120 is disposed within the descending aorta 98, preferablyadjacent, or proximate, the aortic bifurcation 98′. The second end 122of catheter 120, as previously described, is also associated with pump115 in a fluid transmitting relationship. By operation of pump 115,oxygenated blood 81″ may be drawn outwardly from left atrium 90 throughfirst catheter 110, and via pump 115 the oxygenated blood 81″ is pumpedoutwardly into the descending aorta 98. Preferably the two catheters110, 120 and pump 115 will be de-aired before operation of pump 115.Thereafter, pump 115 will be operated to pump oxygenated blood 81″ intothe descending aorta 98. Pump 115 may be provided with power in anysuitable manner, such as by use of an external battery or other powersource (not shown) via power cord 117 (FIG. 1). Pump 115 will beoperated at a relatively low pump speed until such time as a physicianis ready to implant the aortic valve prosthesis 140, at which time thepatient will be fully anticoagulated in a conventional manner.Alternatively, the second catheter 120 could be first inserted and thefirst catheter 110 could thereafter be inserted.

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 4-7, the third catheter 125, with aorticvalve prosthesis 140 associated therewith, is then percutaneouslydelivered into the ascending aorta 76. As previously described, thethird catheter 125 has the aortic valve prosthesis 140 associated withthe third catheter 125, preferably at or proximate, the first end 126 ofthird catheter 125. The third catheter 125 may initially bepercutaneously inserted into the femoral artery and vein of the otherleg—in the embodiment illustrated, the patient's left leg. Catheter 125then passes into and through the iliac artery 99 upwardly throughdescending aorta 98 and then into the descending aorta 76. The first end126 of the third catheter 125 and the aortic valve prosthesis 140 maythen be disposed above and adjacent the diseased aortic valve 92.

Still with reference to FIGS. 1 and 4-7, the pump speed of pump 115 isthen preferably increased to provide a safe, maximum flow of oxygenatedblood 81″ into the descending aorta 98. Thereafter, the third catheter125 maybe be further moved, whereby the aortic valve prosthesis 140 isdisposed within the diseased aortic valve 92, as shown in FIG. 4.Thereafter, in the embodiment of third catheter 125 being a ballooncatheter 129, balloon 130 may be inflated, or dilated, to expand stent141 to its expanded diameter configuration shown in FIGS. 5 and 7,whereby aortic valve prosthesis 140 is implanted within diseased aorticvalve 92. While diseased aortic valve 92 is occluded by the expandedballoon 130, operation of pump 115 at its maximum safe speed will permitcomplete unloading of the left ventricle 72, and the patient will besupported by the flow of oxygenated blood 81″ into the descending aorta98. During this time, the physician will have adequate time to correctlyand precisely locate and implant the aortic valve prosthesis 140 withinthe diseased aortic valve 92, without fear of complications arising froma lack of oxygenated blood 81″ flow within the patient's body.

With reference to FIG. 6, after the aortic valve prosthesis 140 has beenproperly implanted within the diseased aortic valve 92, balloon 130 maybe deflated, and balloon 130 and third catheter 125 may be removed fromthe patient, at which time the pump speed of pump 115 will be reduceduntil blood flow has resumed through the implanted aortic valveprosthesis 140. Thereafter, the first and second catheters 110, 120 mayalso be removed and the femoral arteries sutured at the point ofinsertion of the catheters.

If stent 141 of aortic valve prosthesis 140 is a self-expanding stent,and a different type of catheter is used as the third catheter 125, theprocedure to implant the aortic valve prosthesis 140 would be generallythe same as that procedure previously described, with the exception thatstent 141 would be permitted to achieve self-expansion into its secondexpanded diameter as illustrated in FIGS. 5-7 to achieve implantation ofaortic valve prosthesis 140.

It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the exactdetails of construction, operation, exact materials or embodiments shownand described, as modifications and equivalents will be apparent to oneskilled in the art. Accordingly, the invention is therefore to belimited only by the scope of the appended claims.

1. An apparatus for percutaneously repairing a diseased aortic valve ina heart having a septum, left and right atriums, left and rightventricles, and descending and ascending aortas associated with theheart, comprising: a pump; a first catheter, having first and secondends, the first end adapted for insertion into the left atrium of theheart, the second end of the first catheter being associated with thepump; a second catheter having first and second ends, the first endadapted to be inserted into a portion of the descending aorta, thesecond end of the second catheter being associated with the pump; and athird catheter having first and second ends, the first end adapted forinsertion into the ascending aorta, the third catheter having an aorticvalve prosthesis associated with the second end of the third catheter,whereby upon disposing the aortic valve prosthesis within the diseasedaortic valve and implanting the aortic valve prosthesis within thediseased aortic valve, oxygenated blood from the left atrium may bepumped into the descending aorta, during a period of time while theaortic valve prosthesis is being implanted within the diseased aorticvalve.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pump is an externalpump.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the aortic valve prosthesisincludes a stent, and the stent is mounted on the first end of the thirdcatheter.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the stent is aself-expanding stent.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the stent isa balloon expandable stent; and the third catheter is a dilatationcatheter.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the pump is an externalcentrifugal pump.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first end ofthe first catheter is adapted to pierce the septum between the right andleft atriums to enter the left atrium.